V9990.cc

Go to the documentation of this file.

#include "V9990.hh"
#include "Display.hh"
#include "RendererFactory.hh"
#include "V9990Renderer.hh"
#include "Reactor.hh"
#include "narrow.hh"
#include "serialize.hh"
#include "unreachable.hh"
#include "xrange.hh"
#include <array>
#include <cassert>
#include <memory>
 
namespace openmsx {
 
static constexpr byte ALLOW_READ  = 1;
static constexpr byte ALLOW_WRITE = 2;
static constexpr byte NO_ACCESS = 0;
static constexpr byte RD_ONLY   = ALLOW_READ;
static constexpr byte WR_ONLY   = ALLOW_WRITE;
static constexpr byte RD_WR     = ALLOW_READ | ALLOW_WRITE;
static constexpr std::array<byte, 64> regAccess = {
        WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY,          // VRAM Write Address
        WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY,          // VRAM Read Address
        RD_WR, RD_WR,                       // Screen Mode
        RD_WR,                              // Control
        RD_WR, RD_WR, RD_WR, RD_WR,         // Interrupt
        WR_ONLY,                            // Palette Control
        WR_ONLY,                            // Palette Pointer
        RD_WR,                              // Back Drop Color
        RD_WR,                              // Display Adjust
        RD_WR, RD_WR, RD_WR, RD_WR,         // Scroll Control A
        RD_WR, RD_WR, RD_WR, RD_WR,         // Scroll Control B
        RD_WR,                              // Sprite Pattern Table Address
        RD_WR,                              // LCD Control
        RD_WR,                              // Priority Control
        WR_ONLY,                            // Sprite Palette Control
        NO_ACCESS, NO_ACCESS, NO_ACCESS,    // 3x not used
        WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, // Cmd Parameter Src XY
        WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, // Cmd Parameter Dest XY
        WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, // Cmd Parameter Size XY
        WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, // Cmd Parameter Arg, LogOp, WrtMask
        WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, WR_ONLY, // Cmd Parameter Font Color
        WR_ONLY, RD_ONLY, RD_ONLY,          // Cmd Parameter OpCode, Border X
        NO_ACCESS, NO_ACCESS, NO_ACCESS,    // registers 55-63
        NO_ACCESS, NO_ACCESS, NO_ACCESS,
        NO_ACCESS, NO_ACCESS, NO_ACCESS
};
 
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Constructor & Destructor
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
V9990::V9990(const DeviceConfig& config)
        : MSXDevice(config)
        , syncVSync(*this)
        , syncDisplayStart(*this)
        , syncVScan(*this)
        , syncHScan(*this)
        , syncSetMode(*this)
        , syncCmdEnd(*this)
        , v9990RegDebug(*this)
        , v9990PalDebug(*this)
        , irq(getMotherBoard(), getName() + ".IRQ")
        , display(getReactor().getDisplay())
        , invalidRegisterReadCallback(getCommandController(),
                tmpStrCat(getName(), "_invalid_register_read_callback"),
                "Tcl proc to call when a write-only register was read from. "
                "Input: register number (0-63)",
                {}, Setting::Save::YES)
        , invalidRegisterWriteCallback(getCommandController(),
                tmpStrCat(getName(), "_invalid_register_write_callback"),
                "Tcl proc to call when a read-only register was written to. "
                "Input: register number (0-63), 8-bit data",
                {}, Setting::Save::YES)
        , vram(*this, getCurrentTime())
        , cmdEngine(*this, getCurrentTime(), display.getRenderSettings())
        , frameStartTime(getCurrentTime())
        , hScanSyncTime(getCurrentTime())
{
        // clear regs TODO find realistic init values
        setDisplayMode(calcDisplayMode());
 
        // initialize palette
        for (auto i : xrange(64)) {
                palette[4 * i + 0] = 0x9F;
                palette[4 * i + 1] = 0x1F;
                palette[4 * i + 2] = 0x1F;
                palette[4 * i + 3] = 0x00;
        }
 
        vram.setCmdEngine(cmdEngine);
 
        // Start with NTSC timing
        setVerticalTiming();
 
        // Initialise rendering system
        EmuTime::param time = getCurrentTime();
        createRenderer(time);
 
        powerUp(time);
        display.attach(*this);
}
 
V9990::~V9990()
{
        display.detach(*this);
}
 
PostProcessor* V9990::getPostProcessor() const
{
        return renderer->getPostProcessor();
}
 
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
// MSXDevice
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
void V9990::powerUp(EmuTime::param time)
{
        vram.clear();
        reset(time);
}
 
void V9990::reset(EmuTime::param time)
{
        syncVSync       .removeSyncPoint();
        syncDisplayStart.removeSyncPoint();
        syncVScan       .removeSyncPoint();
        syncHScan       .removeSyncPoint();
        syncSetMode     .removeSyncPoint();
        syncCmdEnd      .removeSyncPoint();
 
        // Clear registers / ports
        ranges::fill(regs, 0);
        status = 0;
        regSelect = 0xFF; // TODO check value for power-on and reset
        vramWritePtr = 0;
        vramReadPtr = 0;
        vramReadBuffer = 0;
        systemReset = false; // verified on real MSX
        setDisplayMode(calcDisplayMode());
 
        isDisplayArea = false;
        displayEnabled = false;
        superimposing = false;
 
        // Reset IRQs
        writeIO(INTERRUPT_FLAG, 0xFF, time);
 
        palTiming = false;
        // Reset sub-systems
        cmdEngine.sync(time);
        renderer->reset(time);
        cmdEngine.reset(time);
 
        // Init scheduling
        frameStart(time);
}
 
byte V9990::readIO(word port, EmuTime::param time)
{
        port &= 0x0F;
 
        // calculate return value (mostly uses peekIO)
        byte result = [&] {
                switch (port) {
                case COMMAND_DATA:
                        return cmdEngine.getCmdData(time);
                case VRAM_DATA:
                case PALETTE_DATA:
                case REGISTER_DATA:
                case INTERRUPT_FLAG:
                case STATUS:
                case KANJI_ROM_0:
                case KANJI_ROM_1:
                case KANJI_ROM_2:
                case KANJI_ROM_3:
                case REGISTER_SELECT:
                case SYSTEM_CONTROL:
                default:
                        return peekIO(port, time);
                }
        }();
        // TODO verify this, especially REGISTER_DATA
        if (systemReset) return result; // no side-effects
 
        // execute side-effects
        switch (port) {
        case VRAM_DATA:
                if (!(regs[VRAM_READ_ADDRESS_2] & 0x80)) {
                        vramReadPtr = getVRAMAddr(VRAM_READ_ADDRESS_0) + 1;
                        setVRAMAddr(VRAM_READ_ADDRESS_0, vramReadPtr);
                        // Update read buffer. TODO: timing?
                        vramReadBuffer = vram.readVRAMCPU(vramReadPtr, time);
                }
                break;
 
        case PALETTE_DATA:
                if (!(regs[PALETTE_CONTROL] & 0x10)) {
                        byte& palPtr = regs[PALETTE_POINTER];
                        switch (palPtr & 3) {
                        case 0:  palPtr += 1; break; // red
                        case 1:  palPtr += 1; break; // green
                        case 2:  palPtr += 2; break; // blue
                        default: palPtr -= 3; break; // checked on real V9990
                        }
                }
                break;
 
        case REGISTER_DATA:
                if (!(regSelect & 0x40)) {
                        //regSelect = ( regSelect      & 0xC0) |
                        //            ((regSelect + 1) & 0x3F);
                        regSelect = (regSelect + 1) & ~0x40;
                }
                break;
        }
        return result;
}
 
byte V9990::peekIO(word port, EmuTime::param time) const
{
        switch (port & 0x0F) {
        case VRAM_DATA: {
                // TODO in 'systemReset' mode, this seems to hang the MSX
                // V9990 fetches from read buffer instead of directly from VRAM.
                // The read buffer is the reason why it is impossible to fill
                // vram by copying a block from "addr" to "addr+1".
                return vramReadBuffer;
        }
        case PALETTE_DATA:
                return palette[regs[PALETTE_POINTER]];
 
        case COMMAND_DATA:
                return cmdEngine.peekCmdData(time);
 
        case REGISTER_DATA:
                return readRegister(regSelect & 0x3F, time);
 
        case INTERRUPT_FLAG:
                return pendingIRQs;
 
        case STATUS: {
                unsigned left   = getLeftBorder();
                unsigned right  = getRightBorder();
                unsigned top    = getTopBorder();
                unsigned bottom = getBottomBorder();
                unsigned ticks = getUCTicksThisFrame(time);
                unsigned x = ticks % V9990DisplayTiming::UC_TICKS_PER_LINE;
                unsigned y = ticks / V9990DisplayTiming::UC_TICKS_PER_LINE;
                bool hr = (x < left) || (right  <= x);
                bool vr = (y < top)  || (bottom <= y);
 
                return cmdEngine.getStatus(time) |
                       (vr ? 0x40 : 0x00) |
                       (hr ? 0x20 : 0x00) |
                       (status & 0x06);
        }
        case KANJI_ROM_1:
        case KANJI_ROM_3:
                // not used in Gfx9000
                return 0xFF; // TODO check
 
        case REGISTER_SELECT:
        case SYSTEM_CONTROL:
        case KANJI_ROM_0:
        case KANJI_ROM_2:
        default:
                // write-only
                return 0xFF;
        }
}
 
void V9990::writeIO(word port, byte val, EmuTime::param time)
{
        port &= 0x0F;
        switch (port) {
                case VRAM_DATA: {
                        // write VRAM
                        if (systemReset) {
                                // TODO writes in systemReset mode seem to have
                                //  'some' effect but it's not immediately clear
                                //  what the exact behaviour is
                                return;
                        }
                        unsigned addr = getVRAMAddr(VRAM_WRITE_ADDRESS_0);
                        vram.writeVRAMCPU(addr, val, time);
                        if (!(regs[VRAM_WRITE_ADDRESS_2] & 0x80)) {
                                setVRAMAddr(VRAM_WRITE_ADDRESS_0, addr + 1);
                        }
                        break;
                }
                case PALETTE_DATA: {
                        if (systemReset) {
                                // Equivalent to writing 0 and keeping palPtr = 0
                                // The above interpretation makes it similar to
                                // writes to REGISTER_DATA, REGISTER_SELECT.
                                writePaletteRegister(0, 0, time);
                                return;
                        }
                        byte& palPtr = regs[PALETTE_POINTER];
                        writePaletteRegister(palPtr, val, time);
                        switch (palPtr & 3) {
                                case 0:  palPtr += 1; break; // red
                                case 1:  palPtr += 1; break; // green
                                case 2:  palPtr += 2; break; // blue
                                default: palPtr -= 3; break; // checked on real V9990
                        }
                        break;
                }
                case COMMAND_DATA:
                        // systemReset state doesn't matter:
                        //   command below has no effect in systemReset mode
                        //assert(cmdEngine);
                        cmdEngine.setCmdData(val, time);
                        break;
 
                case REGISTER_DATA: {
                        // write register
                        if (systemReset) {
                                // In systemReset mode, write has no effect,
                                // but 'regSelect' is increased.
                                // I don't know if write is ignored or a write
                                // with val=0 is executed. Though both have the
                                // same effect and the latter is more in line
                                // with writes to PALETTE_DATA and
                                // REGISTER_SELECT.
                                val = 0;
                        }
                        writeRegister(regSelect & 0x3F, val, time);
                        if (!(regSelect & 0x80)) {
                                regSelect = ( regSelect      & 0xC0) |
                                            ((regSelect + 1) & 0x3F);
                        }
                        break;
                }
                case REGISTER_SELECT:
                        if (systemReset) {
                                // Tested on real MSX. Also when no write is done
                                // to this port, regSelect is not RESET when
                                // entering/leaving systemReset mode.
                                // This behavior is similar to PALETTE_DATA and
                                // REGISTER_DATA.
                                val = 0;
                        }
                        regSelect = val;
                        break;
 
                case STATUS:
                        // read-only, ignore writes
                        break;
 
                case INTERRUPT_FLAG:
                        // systemReset state doesn't matter:
                        //   stuff below has no effect in systemReset mode
                        pendingIRQs &= ~val;
                        if (!(pendingIRQs & regs[INTERRUPT_0])) {
                                irq.reset();
                        }
                        scheduleHscan(time);
                        break;
 
                case SYSTEM_CONTROL: {
                        // TODO investigate: does switching overscan mode
                        //      happen at next line or next frame
                        status = byte((status & 0xFB) | ((val & 1) << 2));
                        syncAtNextLine(syncSetMode, time);
 
                        if (bool newSystemReset = (val & 2) != 0;
                            newSystemReset != systemReset) {
                                systemReset = newSystemReset;
                                if (systemReset) {
                                        // Enter systemReset mode
                                        //   Verified on real MSX: palette data
                                        //   and VRAM content are NOT reset.
                                        for (auto i : xrange(byte(64))) {
                                                writeRegister(i, 0, time);
                                        }
                                        // TODO verify IRQ behaviour
                                        writeIO(INTERRUPT_FLAG, 0xFF, time);
                                }
                        }
                        break;
                }
                case KANJI_ROM_0:
                case KANJI_ROM_1:
                case KANJI_ROM_2:
                case KANJI_ROM_3:
                        // not used in Gfx9000, ignore
                        break;
 
                default:
                        // ignore
                        break;
        }
}
 
// =========================================================================
// Private stuff
// =========================================================================
 
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Schedulable
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
void V9990::execVSync(EmuTime::param time)
{
        // Transition from one frame to the next
        renderer->frameEnd(time);
        frameStart(time);
}
 
void V9990::execDisplayStart(EmuTime::param time)
{
        if (displayEnabled) {
                renderer->updateDisplayEnabled(true, time);
        }
        isDisplayArea = true;
}
 
void V9990::execVScan(EmuTime::param time)
{
        if (isDisplayEnabled()) {
                renderer->updateDisplayEnabled(false, time);
        }
        isDisplayArea = false;
        raiseIRQ(VER_IRQ);
}
 
void V9990::execHScan()
{
        raiseIRQ(HOR_IRQ);
}
 
void V9990::execSetMode(EmuTime::param time)
{
        auto newMode = calcDisplayMode();
        renderer->setDisplayMode(newMode, time);
        renderer->setColorMode(getColorMode(), time);
        setDisplayMode(newMode);
}
 
void V9990::execCheckCmdEnd(EmuTime::param time)
{
        cmdEngine.sync(time);
        scheduleCmdEnd(time); // in case of underestimation
}
 
void V9990::scheduleCmdEnd(EmuTime::param time)
{
        if (regs[INTERRUPT_0] & 4) {
                auto next = cmdEngine.estimateCmdEnd();
                if (next > time) {
                        syncCmdEnd.setSyncPoint(next);
                }
        }
}
 
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
// VideoSystemChangeListener
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
void V9990::preVideoSystemChange() noexcept
{
        renderer.reset();
}
 
void V9990::postVideoSystemChange() noexcept
{
        EmuTime::param time = getCurrentTime();
        createRenderer(time);
        renderer->frameStart(time);
}
 
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
// RegDebug
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
V9990::RegDebug::RegDebug(const V9990& v9990_)
        : SimpleDebuggable(v9990_.getMotherBoard(),
                           v9990_.getName() + " regs", "V9990 registers", 0x40)
{
}
 
byte V9990::RegDebug::read(unsigned address)
{
        auto& v9990 = OUTER(V9990, v9990RegDebug);
        return v9990.regs[address];
}
 
void V9990::RegDebug::write(unsigned address, byte value, EmuTime::param time)
{
        auto& v9990 = OUTER(V9990, v9990RegDebug);
        v9990.writeRegister(narrow<byte>(address), value, time);
}
 
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
// PalDebug
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
V9990::PalDebug::PalDebug(const V9990& v9990_)
        : SimpleDebuggable(v9990_.getMotherBoard(),
                           v9990_.getName() + " palette",
                           "V9990 palette (format is R, G, B, 0).", 0x100)
{
}
 
byte V9990::PalDebug::read(unsigned address)
{
        auto& v9990 = OUTER(V9990, v9990PalDebug);
        return v9990.palette[address];
}
 
void V9990::PalDebug::write(unsigned address, byte value, EmuTime::param time)
{
        auto& v9990 = OUTER(V9990, v9990PalDebug);
        v9990.writePaletteRegister(narrow<byte>(address), value, time);
}
 
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Private methods
// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
inline unsigned V9990::getVRAMAddr(RegisterId base) const
{
        return   regs[base + 0] +
                (regs[base + 1] << 8) +
               ((regs[base + 2] & 0x07) << 16);
}
 
inline void V9990::setVRAMAddr(RegisterId base, unsigned addr)
{
        regs[base + 0] =   addr &     0xFF;
        regs[base + 1] =  (addr &   0xFF00) >> 8;
        regs[base + 2] = ((addr & 0x070000) >> 16) | (regs[base + 2] & 0x80);
        // TODO check
}
 
byte V9990::readRegister(byte reg, EmuTime::param time) const
{
        // TODO sync(time) (if needed at all)
        if (systemReset) return 255; // verified on real MSX
 
        assert(reg < 64);
        if (regAccess[reg] & ALLOW_READ) {
                if (reg < CMD_PARAM_BORDER_X_0) {
                        return regs[reg];
                } else {
                        word borderX = cmdEngine.getBorderX(time);
                        return (reg == CMD_PARAM_BORDER_X_0)
                               ? narrow_cast<byte>(borderX & 0xFF)
                               : narrow_cast<byte>(borderX >> 8);
                }
        } else {
                invalidRegisterReadCallback.execute(reg);
                return 0xFF;
        }
}
 
void V9990::syncAtNextLine(SyncBase& type, EmuTime::param time) const
{
        int line = getUCTicksThisFrame(time) / V9990DisplayTiming::UC_TICKS_PER_LINE;
        int ticks = (line + 1) * V9990DisplayTiming::UC_TICKS_PER_LINE;
        EmuTime nextTime = frameStartTime + ticks;
        type.setSyncPoint(nextTime);
}
 
void V9990::writeRegister(byte reg, byte val, EmuTime::param time)
{
        // Found this table by writing 0xFF to a register and reading
        // back the value (only works for read/write registers)
        static constexpr std::array<byte, 32> regWriteMask = {
                0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
                0xFF, 0x87, 0xFF, 0x83, 0x0F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF,
                0xFF, 0xFF, 0xDF, 0x07, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xC1, 0x07,
                0x3F, 0xCF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF
        };
 
        assert(reg < 64);
        if (!(regAccess[reg] & ALLOW_WRITE)) {
                // register not writable
                invalidRegisterWriteCallback.execute(reg, val);
                return;
        }
        if (reg >= CMD_PARAM_SRC_ADDRESS_0) {
                cmdEngine.setCmdReg(reg, val, time);
                if (reg == CMD_PARAM_OPCODE) {
                        scheduleCmdEnd(time);
                }
                return;
        }
 
        val &= regWriteMask[reg];
 
        // This optimization is not valid for the vertical scroll registers
        // TODO is this optimization still useful for other registers?
        //if (!change) return;
 
        // Perform additional tasks before new value becomes active
        // note: no update for SCROLL_CONTROL_AY1, SCROLL_CONTROL_BY1
        switch (reg) {
                case SCREEN_MODE_0:
                case SCREEN_MODE_1:
                        // TODO verify this on real V9990
                        syncAtNextLine(syncSetMode, time);
                        break;
                case PALETTE_CONTROL:
                        renderer->setColorMode(getColorMode(val), time);
                        break;
                case BACK_DROP_COLOR:
                        renderer->updateBackgroundColor(val & 63, time);
                        break;
                case SCROLL_CONTROL_AY0:
                        renderer->updateScrollAYLow(time);
                        break;
                case SCROLL_CONTROL_BY0:
                        renderer->updateScrollBYLow(time);
                        break;
                case SCROLL_CONTROL_AX0:
                case SCROLL_CONTROL_AX1:
                        renderer->updateScrollAX(time);
                        break;
                case SCROLL_CONTROL_BX0:
                case SCROLL_CONTROL_BX1:
                        renderer->updateScrollBX(time);
                        break;
                case DISPLAY_ADJUST:
                        // TODO verify on real V9990: when exactly does a
                        //  change in horizontal/vertical adjust take place
                        break;
        }
        // commit the change
        regs[reg] = val;
 
        // Perform additional tasks after new value became active
        switch (reg) {
                case VRAM_WRITE_ADDRESS_2:
                        // write pointer is only updated on R#2 write
                        vramWritePtr = getVRAMAddr(VRAM_WRITE_ADDRESS_0);
                        break;
                case VRAM_READ_ADDRESS_2:
                        // write pointer is only updated on R#5 write
                        vramReadPtr = getVRAMAddr(VRAM_READ_ADDRESS_0);
                        // update read buffer immediately after read pointer changes. TODO: timing?
                        vramReadBuffer = vram.readVRAMCPU(vramReadPtr, time);
                        break;
                case SCREEN_MODE_0:
                case SCREEN_MODE_1:
                case CONTROL:
                        // These influence the command timing
                        scheduleCmdEnd(time);
                        break;
                case INTERRUPT_0:
                        irq.set((pendingIRQs & val) != 0);
                        scheduleCmdEnd(time);
                        break;
                case INTERRUPT_1:
                case INTERRUPT_2:
                case INTERRUPT_3:
                        scheduleHscan(time);
                        break;
        }
}
 
void V9990::writePaletteRegister(byte reg, byte val, EmuTime::param time)
{
        switch (reg & 3) {
                case 0: val &= 0x9F; break;
                case 1: val &= 0x1F; break;
                case 2: val &= 0x1F; break;
                case 3: val  = 0x00; break;
        }
        palette[reg] = val;
        reg &= ~3;
        byte index = reg / 4;
        bool ys = isSuperimposing() && (palette[reg] & 0x80);
        renderer->updatePalette(index, palette[reg + 0] & 0x1F, palette[reg + 1],
                                palette[reg + 2], ys, time);
        if (index == regs[BACK_DROP_COLOR]) {
                renderer->updateBackgroundColor(index, time);
        }
}
 
V9990::GetPaletteResult V9990::getPalette(int index) const
{
        byte r = palette[4 * index + 0] & 0x1F;
        byte g = palette[4 * index + 1];
        byte b = palette[4 * index + 2];
        bool ys = isSuperimposing() && (palette[4 * index + 0] & 0x80);
        return {r, g, b, ys};
}
 
void V9990::createRenderer(EmuTime::param time)
{
        assert(!renderer);
        renderer = RendererFactory::createV9990Renderer(*this, display);
        renderer->reset(time);
}
 
void V9990::frameStart(EmuTime::param time)
{
        // Update setings that are fixed at the start of a frame
        displayEnabled = (regs[CONTROL]       & 0x80) != 0;
        palTiming      = (regs[SCREEN_MODE_1] & 0x08) != 0;
        interlaced     = (regs[SCREEN_MODE_1] & 0x02) != 0;
        scrollAYHigh   = regs[SCROLL_CONTROL_AY1];
        scrollBYHigh   = regs[SCROLL_CONTROL_BY1];
        setVerticalTiming();
        status ^= 0x02; // flip EO bit
 
        if (bool newSuperimposing = (regs[CONTROL] & 0x20) && externalVideoSource;
            superimposing != newSuperimposing) {
                superimposing = newSuperimposing;
                renderer->updateSuperimposing(superimposing, time);
        }
 
        frameStartTime.reset(time);
 
        // schedule next VSYNC
        syncVSync.setSyncPoint(
                frameStartTime + V9990DisplayTiming::getUCTicksPerFrame(palTiming));
 
        // schedule DISPLAY_START
        syncDisplayStart.setSyncPoint(
            frameStartTime + getTopBorder() * V9990DisplayTiming::UC_TICKS_PER_LINE);
 
        // schedule VSCAN
        syncVScan.setSyncPoint(
            frameStartTime + getBottomBorder() * V9990DisplayTiming::UC_TICKS_PER_LINE);
 
        renderer->frameStart(time);
}
 
void V9990::raiseIRQ(IRQType irqType)
{
        pendingIRQs |= irqType;
        if (pendingIRQs & regs[INTERRUPT_0]) {
                irq.set();
        }
}
 
void V9990::setHorizontalTiming()
{
        switch (mode) {
        using enum V9990DisplayMode;
        case P1: case P2:
        case B1: case B3: case B7:
                horTiming = &V9990DisplayTiming::lineMCLK;
                break;
        case B0: case B2: case B4:
                horTiming = &V9990DisplayTiming::lineXTAL;
                break;
        case B5: case B6:
                break;
        default:
                UNREACHABLE;
        }
}
 
void V9990::setVerticalTiming()
{
        switch (mode) {
        using enum V9990DisplayMode;
        case P1: case P2:
        case B1: case B3: case B7:
                verTiming = isPalTiming()
                          ? &V9990DisplayTiming::displayPAL_MCLK
                          : &V9990DisplayTiming::displayNTSC_MCLK;
                break;
        case B0: case B2: case B4:
                verTiming = isPalTiming()
                          ? &V9990DisplayTiming::displayPAL_XTAL
                          : &V9990DisplayTiming::displayNTSC_XTAL;
                break;
        case B5: case B6:
                break;
        default:
                UNREACHABLE;
        }
}
 
V9990ColorMode V9990::getColorMode(byte pal_ctrl) const
{
        using enum V9990ColorMode;
        if (!(regs[SCREEN_MODE_0] & 0x80)) {
                return BP4;
        } else {
                switch (regs[SCREEN_MODE_0] & 0x03) {
                        case 0x00: return BP2;
                        case 0x01: return BP4;
                        case 0x02:
                                switch (pal_ctrl & 0xC0) {
                                        case 0x00: return BP6;
                                        case 0x40: return BD8;
                                        case 0x80: return BYJK;
                                        case 0xC0: return BYUV;
                                }
                                break;
                        case 0x03: return BD16;
                }
        }
        UNREACHABLE;
}
 
V9990ColorMode V9990::getColorMode() const
{
        return getColorMode(regs[PALETTE_CONTROL]);
}
 
V9990DisplayMode V9990::calcDisplayMode() const
{
        using enum V9990DisplayMode;
        switch (regs[SCREEN_MODE_0] & 0xC0) {
                case 0x00:
                        return P1;
                case 0x40:
                        return P2;
                case 0x80:
                        if (status & 0x04) { // MCLK timing
                                switch(regs[SCREEN_MODE_0] & 0x30) {
                                        case 0x00: return B0;
                                        case 0x10: return B2;
                                        case 0x20: return B4;
                                }
                        } else { // XTAL1 timing
                                switch(regs[SCREEN_MODE_0] & 0x30) {
                                        case 0x00: return B1;
                                        case 0x10: return B3;
                                        case 0x20: return B7;
                                }
                        }
                        break;
        }
        // invalid display mode
        return P1; // TODO Check
}
 
void V9990::setDisplayMode(V9990DisplayMode newMode)
{
        mode = newMode;
        setHorizontalTiming();
}
 
void V9990::scheduleHscan(EmuTime::param time)
{
        // remove pending HSCAN, if any
        if (hScanSyncTime > time) {
                syncHScan.removeSyncPoint();
                hScanSyncTime = time;
        }
 
        if (pendingIRQs & HOR_IRQ) {
                // flag already set, no need to schedule
                return;
        }
 
        int ticks = narrow<int>(frameStartTime.getTicksTill_fast(time));
        int offset = [&] {
                if (regs[INTERRUPT_2] & 0x80) {
                        // every line
                        return ticks - (ticks % V9990DisplayTiming::UC_TICKS_PER_LINE);
                } else {
                        int line = regs[INTERRUPT_1] + 256 * (regs[INTERRUPT_2] & 3) +
                                   getTopBorder();
                        return line * V9990DisplayTiming::UC_TICKS_PER_LINE;
                }
        }();
        int mult = (status & 0x04) ? 3 : 2; // MCLK / XTAL1
        offset += (regs[INTERRUPT_3] & 0x0F) * 64 * mult;
        if (offset <= ticks) {
                offset += V9990DisplayTiming::getUCTicksPerFrame(palTiming);
        }
 
        hScanSyncTime = frameStartTime + offset;
        syncHScan.setSyncPoint(hScanSyncTime);
}
 
static constexpr std::initializer_list<enum_string<V9990DisplayMode>> displayModeInfo = {
        { "P1", V9990DisplayMode::P1 }, { "P2", V9990DisplayMode::P2 },
        { "B0", V9990DisplayMode::B0 }, { "B1", V9990DisplayMode::B1 },
        { "B2", V9990DisplayMode::B2 }, { "B3", V9990DisplayMode::B3 },
        { "B4", V9990DisplayMode::B4 }, { "B5", V9990DisplayMode::B5 },
        { "B6", V9990DisplayMode::B6 }, { "B7", V9990DisplayMode::B7 }
};
SERIALIZE_ENUM(V9990DisplayMode, displayModeInfo);
 
// version 1: initial version
// version 2: added systemReset
// version 3: added vramReadPtr, vramWritePtr, vramReadBuffer
// version 4: removed 'userData' from Schedulable
// version 5: added syncCmdEnd
template<typename Archive>
void V9990::serialize(Archive& ar, unsigned version)
{
        ar.template serializeBase<MSXDevice>(*this);
 
        if (ar.versionAtLeast(version, 4)) {
                ar.serialize("syncVSync",        syncVSync,
                             "syncDisplayStart", syncDisplayStart,
                             "syncVScan",        syncVScan,
                             "syncHScan",        syncHScan,
                             "syncSetMode",      syncSetMode);
        } else {
                Schedulable::restoreOld(ar,
                        {&syncVSync, &syncDisplayStart, &syncVScan,
                         &syncHScan, &syncSetMode});
        }
        if (ar.versionAtLeast(version, 5)) {
                ar.serialize("syncCmdEnd", syncCmdEnd);
        }
 
        ar.serialize("displayMode", mode); // must be deserialized before cmdEngine (because it's used to restore some derived state in cmdEngine)
        ar.serialize("vram",           vram,
                     "cmdEngine",      cmdEngine,
                     "irq",            irq,
                     "frameStartTime", frameStartTime,
                     "hScanSyncTime",  hScanSyncTime);
        ar.serialize_blob("palette", palette);
        ar.serialize("status",      status,
                     "pendingIRQs", pendingIRQs);
        ar.serialize_blob("registers", regs);
        ar.serialize("regSelect",      regSelect,
                     "palTiming",      palTiming,
                     "interlaced",     interlaced,
                     "isDisplayArea",  isDisplayArea,
                     "displayEnabled", displayEnabled,
                     "scrollAYHigh",   scrollAYHigh,
                     "scrollBYHigh",   scrollBYHigh);
 
        if (ar.versionBelow(version, 2)) {
                systemReset = false;
        } else {
                ar.serialize("systemReset", systemReset);
        }
 
        if (ar.versionBelow(version, 3)) {
                vramReadPtr = getVRAMAddr(VRAM_READ_ADDRESS_0);
                vramWritePtr = getVRAMAddr(VRAM_WRITE_ADDRESS_0);
                vramReadBuffer = vram.readVRAMCPU(vramReadPtr, getCurrentTime());
        } else {
                ar.serialize("vramReadPtr",    vramReadPtr,
                             "vramWritePtr",   vramWritePtr,
                             "vramReadBuffer", vramReadBuffer);
        }
 
        // No need to serialize 'externalVideoSource', it will be restored when
        // the external peripheral (e.g. Video9000) is de-serialized.
        // TODO should 'superimposing' be serialized? It can't be recalculated
        // from register values (it depends on the register values at the start
        // of this frame). But it will be correct at the start of the next
        // frame. Good enough?
 
        if constexpr (Archive::IS_LOADER) {
                // TODO This uses 'mode' to calculate 'horTiming' and
                //      'verTiming'. Are these always in sync? Or can for
                //      example one change at any time and the other only
                //      at start of frame (or next line)? Does this matter?
                setHorizontalTiming();
                setVerticalTiming();
 
                renderer->reset(getCurrentTime());
        }
}
INSTANTIATE_SERIALIZE_METHODS(V9990);
REGISTER_MSXDEVICE(V9990, "V9990");
 
} // namespace openmsx