DeltaBlock.cc

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#include "DeltaBlock.hh"
 
#include "ranges.hh"
#include "lz4.hh"
 
#include <bit>
#include <cassert>
#include <tuple>
#include <utility>
#if STATISTICS
#include <iostream>
#endif
#ifdef __SSE2__
#include <emmintrin.h>
#endif
 
namespace openmsx {
 
// --- Compressed integers ---
 
// See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEB128 for a description of the
// 'unsigned LEB' format.
static void storeUleb(std::vector<uint8_t>& result, size_t value)
{
        do {
                uint8_t b = value & 0x7F;
                value >>= 7;
                if (value) b |= 0x80;
                result.push_back(b);
        } while (value);
}
 
[[nodiscard]] static constexpr size_t loadUleb(std::span<const uint8_t>& data)
{
        size_t result = 0;
        int shift = 0;
        while (true) {
                assert(!data.empty());
                uint8_t b = data.front();
                data = data.subspan(1);
                result |= size_t(b & 0x7F) << shift;
                if ((b & 0x80) == 0) return result;
                shift += 7;
        }
}
 
 
// --- Helper functions to compare {4,8,16} bytes at aligned memory locations ---
 
template<int N> bool comp(const uint8_t* p, const uint8_t* q);
 
template<> bool comp<4>(const uint8_t* p, const uint8_t* q)
{
        return *std::bit_cast<const uint32_t*>(p) ==
               *std::bit_cast<const uint32_t*>(q);
}
 
template<> bool comp<8>(const uint8_t* p, const uint8_t* q)
{
        return *std::bit_cast<const uint64_t*>(p) ==
               *std::bit_cast<const uint64_t*>(q);
}
 
#ifdef __SSE2__
template<> bool comp<16>(const uint8_t* p, const uint8_t* q)
{
        // Tests show that (on my machine) using 1 128-bit load is faster than
        // 2 64-bit loads. Even though the actual comparison is slightly more
        // complicated with SSE instructions.
        __m128i a = _mm_loadu_si128(std::bit_cast<const __m128i*>(p));
        __m128i b = _mm_loadu_si128(std::bit_cast<const __m128i*>(q));
        __m128i d = _mm_cmpeq_epi8(a, b);
        return _mm_movemask_epi8(d) == 0xffff;
}
#endif
 
 
// --- Optimized mismatch function ---
 
// This is much like the function std::mismatch(). You pass in two buffers,
// the corresponding elements of both buffers are compared and the first
// position where the elements no longer match is returned.
//
// Compared to the std::mismatch() this implementation is faster because:
// - We make use of sentinels. This requires to temporarily change the content
//   of the buffer. So it won't work with read-only-memory.
// - We compare words-at-a-time instead of byte-at-a-time.
static std::pair<const uint8_t*, const uint8_t*> scan_mismatch(
        const uint8_t* p, const uint8_t* p_end, const uint8_t* q, const uint8_t* q_end)
{
        assert((p_end - p) == (q_end - q));
 
        // When SSE is available, work with 16-byte words, otherwise 4 or 8
        // bytes. This routine also benefits from AVX2 instructions. Though not
        // all x86_64 CPUs have AVX2 (all have SSE2), so using them requires
        // extra run-time checks and that's not worth it at this point.
        constexpr ptrdiff_t WORD_SIZE =
#ifdef __SSE2__
                sizeof(__m128i);
#else
                sizeof(void*);
#endif
 
        // Region too small or
        // both buffers are differently aligned.
        if (((p_end - p) < (2 * WORD_SIZE)) ||
            ((std::bit_cast<uintptr_t>(p) & (WORD_SIZE - 1)) !=
             (std::bit_cast<uintptr_t>(q) & (WORD_SIZE - 1)))) [[unlikely]] {
                goto end;
        }
 
        // Align to WORD_SIZE boundary. No need for end-of-buffer checks.
        if (std::bit_cast<uintptr_t>(p) & (WORD_SIZE - 1)) [[unlikely]] {
                do {
                        if (*p != *q) return {p, q};
                        p += 1; q += 1;
                } while (std::bit_cast<uintptr_t>(p) & (WORD_SIZE - 1));
        }
 
        // Fast path. Compare words-at-a-time.
        {
                // Place a sentinel in the last full word. This ensures we'll
                // find a mismatch within the buffer, and so we can omit the
                // end-of-buffer checks.
                auto* sentinel = &const_cast<uint8_t*>(p_end)[-WORD_SIZE];
                auto save = *sentinel;
                *sentinel = ~q_end[-WORD_SIZE];
 
                while (comp<WORD_SIZE>(p, q)) {
                        p += WORD_SIZE; q += WORD_SIZE;
                }
 
                // Restore sentinel.
                *sentinel = save;
        }
 
        // Slow path. This handles:
        // - Small or differently aligned buffers.
        // - The bytes at and after the (restored) sentinel.
end:    return std::mismatch(p, p_end, q);
}
 
 
// --- Optimized scan_match function ---
 
// Like scan_mismatch() above, but searches two buffers for the first
// corresponding equal (instead of not-equal) bytes.
//
// Like scan_mismatch(), this places a temporary sentinel in the buffer, so the
// buffer cannot be read-only memory.
//
// Unlike scan_mismatch() it's less obvious how to perform this function
// word-at-a-time (it's possible with some bit hacks). Though luckily this
// function is also less performance critical.
[[nodiscard]] static constexpr std::pair<const uint8_t*, const uint8_t*> scan_match(
        const uint8_t* p, const uint8_t* p_end, const uint8_t* q, const uint8_t* q_end)
{
        assert((p_end - p) == (q_end - q));
 
        // Code below is functionally equivalent to:
        //   while ((p != p_end) && (*p != *q)) { ++p; ++q; }
        //   return {p, q};
 
        if (p == p_end) return {p, q};
 
        auto* p_last = const_cast<uint8_t*>(p_end - 1);
        auto save = *p_last;
        *p_last = q_end[-1]; // make p_end[-1] == q_end[-1]
 
        while (*p != *q) { ++p; ++q; }
 
        *p_last = save;
        if ((p == p_last) && (*p != *q)) { ++p; ++q; }
        return {p, q};
}
 
 
// --- delta (de)compression routines ---
 
// Calculate a 'delta' between two binary buffers of equal size.
// The result is a stream of:
//   n1 number of bytes are equal
//   n2 number of bytes are different, and here are the bytes
//   n3 number of bytes are equal
//   ...
[[nodiscard]] static std::vector<uint8_t> calcDelta(
        const uint8_t* oldBuf, std::span<const uint8_t> newBuf)
{
        std::vector<uint8_t> result;
 
        const auto* p = oldBuf;
        const auto* q = newBuf.data();
        auto size = newBuf.size();
        const auto* p_end = p + size;
        const auto* q_end = q + size;
 
        // scan equal bytes (possibly zero)
        const auto* q1 = q;
        std::tie(p, q) = scan_mismatch(p, p_end, q, q_end);
        auto n1 = q - q1;
        storeUleb(result, n1);
 
        while (q != q_end) {
                assert(*p != *q);
 
                const auto* q2 = q;
        different:
                std::tie(p, q) = scan_match(p + 1, p_end, q + 1, q_end);
                auto n2 = q - q2;
 
                const auto* q3 = q;
                std::tie(p, q) = scan_mismatch(p, p_end, q, q_end);
                auto n3 = q - q3;
                if ((q != q_end) && (n3 <= 2)) goto different;
 
                storeUleb(result, n2);
                result.insert(result.end(), q2, q3);
 
                if (n3 != 0) storeUleb(result, n3);
        }
 
        result.shrink_to_fit();
        return result;
}
 
// Apply a previously calculated 'delta' to 'oldBuf' to get 'newbuf'.
static void applyDeltaInPlace(std::span<uint8_t> buf, std::span<const uint8_t> delta)
{
        while (!buf.empty()) {
                auto n1 = loadUleb(delta);
                buf = buf.subspan(n1);
                if (buf.empty()) break;
 
                auto n2 = loadUleb(delta);
                ranges::copy(delta.subspan(0, n2), buf);
                buf   = buf  .subspan(n2);
                delta = delta.subspan(n2);
        }
}
 
#if STATISTICS
 
// class DeltaBlock
 
DeltaBlock::~DeltaBlock()
{
        globalAllocSize -= allocSize;
        std::cout << "stat: ~DeltaBlock " << globalAllocSize
                  << " (-" << allocSize << ")\n";
}
 
#endif
 
// class DeltaBlockCopy
 
DeltaBlockCopy::DeltaBlockCopy(std::span<const uint8_t> data)
        : block(data.size())
{
#ifdef DEBUG
        sha1 = SHA1::calc(data);
#endif
        ranges::copy(data, std::span{block});
        assert(!compressed());
#if STATISTICS
        allocSize = size;
        globalAllocSize += allocSize;
        std::cout << "stat: DeltaBlockCopy " << globalAllocSize
                  << " (+" << allocSize << ")\n";
#endif
}
 
void DeltaBlockCopy::apply(std::span<uint8_t> dst) const
{
        if (compressed()) {
                LZ4::decompress(block.data(), dst.data(), int(compressedSize), int(dst.size()));
        } else {
                ranges::copy(std::span{block.data(), dst.size()}, dst);
        }
#ifdef DEBUG
        assert(SHA1::calc(dst) == sha1);
#endif
}
 
void DeltaBlockCopy::compress(size_t size)
{
        if (compressed()) return;
 
        size_t dstLen = LZ4::compressBound(int(size));
        MemBuffer<uint8_t> buf2(dstLen);
        dstLen = LZ4::compress(block.data(), buf2.data(), int(size));
 
        if (dstLen >= size) {
                // compression isn't beneficial
                return;
        }
        compressedSize = dstLen;
        std::swap(block, buf2);
        block.resize(compressedSize); // shrink to fit
        assert(compressed());
#ifdef DEBUG
        MemBuffer<uint8_t> buf3(size);
        apply({buf3.data(), size});
        assert(ranges::equal(std::span{buf3.data(), size}, std::span{buf2.data(), size}));
#endif
#if STATISTICS
        int delta = compressedSize - allocSize;
        allocSize = compressedSize;
        globalAllocSize += delta;
        std::cout << "stat: compress " << globalAllocSize
                  << " (" << delta << ")\n";
#endif
}
 
const uint8_t* DeltaBlockCopy::getData()
{
        assert(!compressed());
        return block.data();
}
 
 
// class DeltaBlockDiff
 
DeltaBlockDiff::DeltaBlockDiff(
                std::shared_ptr<DeltaBlockCopy> prev_,
                std::span<const uint8_t> data)
        : prev(std::move(prev_))
        , delta(calcDelta(prev->getData(), data))
{
#ifdef DEBUG
        sha1 = SHA1::calc(data);
 
        MemBuffer<uint8_t> buf(data.size());
        apply({buf.data(), data.size()});
        assert(ranges::equal(std::span{buf.data(), data.size()}, data));
#endif
#if STATISTICS
        allocSize = delta.size();
        globalAllocSize += allocSize;
        std::cout << "stat: DeltaBlockDiff " << globalAllocSize
                  << " (+" << allocSize << ")\n";
#endif
}
 
void DeltaBlockDiff::apply(std::span<uint8_t> dst) const
{
        prev->apply(dst);
        applyDeltaInPlace(dst, delta);
#ifdef DEBUG
        assert(SHA1::calc(dst) == sha1);
#endif
}
 
size_t DeltaBlockDiff::getDeltaSize() const
{
        return delta.size();
}
 
 
// class LastDeltaBlocks
 
std::shared_ptr<DeltaBlock> LastDeltaBlocks::createNew(
                const void* id, std::span<const uint8_t> data)
{
        auto size = data.size();
        auto it = ranges::lower_bound(infos, std::tuple(id, size), {},
                [](const Info& info) { return std::tuple(info.id, info.size); });
        if ((it == end(infos)) || (it->id != id) || (it->size != size)) {
                // no previous info yet
                it = infos.emplace(it, id, size);
        }
        assert(it->id   == id);
        assert(it->size == size);
 
        auto ref = it->ref.lock();
        if (it->accSize >= size || !ref) {
                if (ref) {
                        // We will switch to a new DeltaBlockCopy object. So
                        // now is a good time to compress the old one.
                        ref->compress(size);
                }
                // Heuristic: create a new block when too many small
                // differences have accumulated.
                auto b = std::make_shared<DeltaBlockCopy>(data);
                it->ref = b;
                it->last = b;
                it->accSize = 0;
                return b;
        } else {
                // Create diff based on earlier reference block.
                // Reference remains unchanged.
                auto b = std::make_shared<DeltaBlockDiff>(ref, data);
                it->last = b;
                it->accSize += b->getDeltaSize();
                return b;
        }
}
 
std::shared_ptr<DeltaBlock> LastDeltaBlocks::createNullDiff(
                const void* id, std::span<const uint8_t> data)
{
        auto size = data.size();
        auto it = ranges::lower_bound(infos, id, {}, &Info::id);
        if ((it == end(infos)) || (it->id != id)) {
                // no previous block yet
                it = infos.emplace(it, id, size);
        }
        assert(it->size == size);
 
        auto last = it->last.lock();
        if (!last) {
                auto b = std::make_shared<DeltaBlockCopy>(data);
                it->ref = b;
                it->last = b;
                it->accSize = 0;
                return b;
        } else {
#ifdef DEBUG
                assert(SHA1::calc(data) == last->sha1);
#endif
                return last;
        }
}
 
void LastDeltaBlocks::clear()
{
        for (const Info& info : infos) {
                if (auto ref = info.ref.lock()) {
                        ref->compress(info.size);
                }
        }
        infos.clear();
}
 
} // namespace openmsx