PixelOperations.hh

Go to the documentation of this file.

#ifndef PIXELOPERATIONS_HH
#define PIXELOPERATIONS_HH
 
#include "PixelFormat.hh"
#include "narrow.hh"
#include "unreachable.hh"
#include "build-info.hh"
#include <bit>
#include <concepts>
#include <span>
 
namespace openmsx {
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel> class PixelOpBase
{
public:
        explicit PixelOpBase(const PixelFormat& format_)
                : format(format_)
                , blendMask(calcBlendMask())
        {
        }
 
        [[nodiscard]] const PixelFormat& getPixelFormat() const { return format; }
 
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getRmask()  const { return format.getRmask();  }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getGmask()  const { return format.getGmask();  }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getBmask()  const { return format.getBmask();  }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getAmask()  const { return format.getAmask();  }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getRshift() const { return format.getRshift(); }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getGshift() const { return format.getGshift(); }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getBshift() const { return format.getBshift(); }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getAshift() const { return format.getAshift(); }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getRloss()  const { return format.getRloss();  }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getGloss()  const { return format.getGloss();  }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getBloss()  const { return format.getBloss();  }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getAloss()  const { return format.getAloss();  }
 
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel getBlendMask() const { return blendMask; }
 
        static constexpr bool IS_RGB565 = false;
 
private:
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel calcBlendMask() const
        {
                auto rBit = ~(getRmask() << 1) & getRmask();
                auto gBit = ~(getGmask() << 1) & getGmask();
                auto bBit = ~(getBmask() << 1) & getBmask();
                return Pixel(~(rBit | gBit | bBit));
        }
 
private:
        const PixelFormat& format;
 
        const Pixel blendMask;
};
 
// Specialization for 32bpp
//  No need to store 'blendMask' in a member variable.
template<> class PixelOpBase<unsigned>
{
public:
        explicit PixelOpBase(const PixelFormat& format_)
                : format(format_) {}
 
        [[nodiscard]] const PixelFormat& getPixelFormat() const { return format; }
 
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getRmask()  const { return format.getRmask();  }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getGmask()  const { return format.getGmask();  }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getBmask()  const { return format.getBmask();  }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getAmask()  const { return format.getAmask();  }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getRshift() const { return format.getRshift(); }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getGshift() const { return format.getGshift(); }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getBshift() const { return format.getBshift(); }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getAshift() const { return format.getAshift(); }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getRloss()  const { return 0;             }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getGloss()  const { return 0;             }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getBloss()  const { return 0;             }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getAloss()  const { return 0;             }
 
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getBlendMask() const { return 0xFEFEFEFE; }
 
        static constexpr bool IS_RGB565 = false;
 
private:
        const PixelFormat& format;
};
 
 
#if PLATFORM_DINGUX
// Specialization for dingoo (16bpp)
//   We know the exact pixel format for this platform. No need for any
//   members in this class. All values can also be compile-time constant.
template<> class PixelOpBase<uint16_t>
{
public:
        explicit PixelOpBase(const PixelFormat& /*format*/) {}
 
        [[nodiscard]] const PixelFormat& getPixelFormat() const
        {
                static PixelFormat format(16,
                        0x001F,  0, 3,
                        0x07E0,  5, 2,
                        0xF800, 11, 3,
                        0x0000,  0, 8);
                return format;
        }
 
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getRmask()  const { return 0x001F; }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getGmask()  const { return 0x07E0; }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getBmask()  const { return 0xF800; }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getAmask()  const { return 0x0000; }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getRshift() const { return  0; }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getGshift() const { return  5; }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getBshift() const { return 11; }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getAshift() const { return  0; }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getRloss()  const { return 3; }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getGloss()  const { return 2; }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getBloss()  const { return 3; }
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getAloss()  const { return 8; }
 
        [[nodiscard]] inline uint16_t getBlendMask() const { return 0xF7DE; }
 
        static constexpr bool IS_RGB565 = true;
};
#endif
 
 
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel> class PixelOperations : public PixelOpBase<Pixel>
{
public:
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::getPixelFormat;
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::getRmask;
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::getGmask;
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::getBmask;
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::getAmask;
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::getRshift;
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::getGshift;
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::getBshift;
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::getAshift;
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::getRloss;
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::getGloss;
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::getBloss;
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::getAloss;
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::getBlendMask;
        using PixelOpBase<Pixel>::IS_RGB565;
 
        explicit PixelOperations(const PixelFormat& format);
 
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned red(Pixel p) const;
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned green(Pixel p) const;
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned blue(Pixel p) const;
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned alpha(Pixel p) const;
 
        // alpha is maximum
        [[nodiscard]] inline bool isFullyOpaque(Pixel p) const;
        // alpha is minimum
        [[nodiscard]] inline bool isFullyTransparent(Pixel p) const;
 
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned red256(Pixel p) const;
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned green256(Pixel p) const;
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned blue256(Pixel p) const;
 
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel combine(unsigned r, unsigned g, unsigned b) const;
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel combine256(unsigned r, unsigned g, unsigned b) const;
 
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getMaxRed() const;
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getMaxGreen() const;
        [[nodiscard]] inline unsigned getMaxBlue() const;
 
        template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2>
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel blend(Pixel p1, Pixel p2) const;
        template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2, unsigned w3>
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel blend(Pixel p1, Pixel p2, Pixel p3) const;
        template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2, unsigned w3, unsigned w4>
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel blend(Pixel p1, Pixel p2, Pixel p3, Pixel p4) const;
        template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2, unsigned w3,
                 unsigned w4, unsigned w5, unsigned w6>
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel blend(Pixel p1, Pixel p2, Pixel p3,
                                         Pixel p4, Pixel p5, Pixel p6) const;
 
        template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2>
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel blend(std::span<const Pixel, 2> p) const;
        template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2, unsigned w3>
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel blend(std::span<const Pixel, 3> p) const;
        template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2, unsigned w3, unsigned w4>
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel blend(std::span<const Pixel, 4> p) const;
        template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2, unsigned w3,
                  unsigned w4, unsigned w5, unsigned w6>
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel blend(std::span<const Pixel, 6> p) const;
 
        [[nodiscard]] static inline Pixel multiply(Pixel p, unsigned x);
 
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel lerp(Pixel p1, Pixel p2, unsigned x) const;
 
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel alphaBlend(Pixel p1, Pixel p2) const;
 
private:
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel avgDown(Pixel p1, Pixel p2) const;
        [[nodiscard]] inline Pixel avgUp  (Pixel p1, Pixel p2) const;
};
 
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
PixelOperations<Pixel>::PixelOperations(const PixelFormat& format_)
        : PixelOpBase<Pixel>(format_)
{
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline unsigned PixelOperations<Pixel>::red(Pixel p) const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                return (p >> getRshift()) & 0xFF;
        } else {
                return (p & getRmask()) >> getRshift();
        }
}
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline unsigned PixelOperations<Pixel>::green(Pixel p) const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                return (p >> getGshift()) & 0xFF;
        } else {
                return (p & getGmask()) >> getGshift();
        }
}
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline unsigned PixelOperations<Pixel>::blue(Pixel p) const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                return (p >> getBshift()) & 0xFF;
        } else {
                return (p & getBmask()) >> getBshift();
        }
}
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline unsigned PixelOperations<Pixel>::alpha(Pixel p) const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                return (p >> getAshift()) & 0xFF;
        } else {
                UNREACHABLE; return 0;
                //return (p & getAmask()) >> getAshift();
        }
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline bool PixelOperations<Pixel>::isFullyOpaque(Pixel p) const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                return alpha(p) == 255;
        } else {
                return p != 0x0001;
        }
}
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline bool PixelOperations<Pixel>::isFullyTransparent(Pixel p) const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                return alpha(p) == 0;
        } else {
                return p == 0x0001;
        }
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline unsigned PixelOperations<Pixel>::red256(Pixel p) const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                return (p >> getRshift()) & 0xFF;
        } else {
                return ((p >> getRshift()) << getRloss()) & 0xFF;
        }
}
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline unsigned PixelOperations<Pixel>::green256(Pixel p) const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                return (p >> getGshift()) & 0xFF;
        } else {
                return ((p >> getGshift()) << getGloss()) & 0xFF;
        }
}
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline unsigned PixelOperations<Pixel>::blue256(Pixel p) const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                return (p >> getBshift()) & 0xFF;
        } else {
                return ((p >> getBshift()) << getBloss()) & 0xFF;
        }
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::combine(
                unsigned r, unsigned g, unsigned b) const
{
        return Pixel((r << getRshift()) |
                     (g << getGshift()) |
                     (b << getBshift()));
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::combine256(
                unsigned r, unsigned g, unsigned b) const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                return Pixel((r << getRshift()) |
                             (g << getGshift()) |
                             (b << getBshift()));
        } else {
                return Pixel(((r >> getRloss()) << getRshift()) |
                             ((g >> getGloss()) << getGshift()) |
                             ((b >> getBloss()) << getBshift()));
        }
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline unsigned PixelOperations<Pixel>::getMaxRed() const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                return 255;
        } else {
                return 255 >> getRloss();
        }
}
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline unsigned PixelOperations<Pixel>::getMaxGreen() const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                return 255;
        } else {
                return 255 >> getGloss();
        }
}
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline unsigned PixelOperations<Pixel>::getMaxBlue() const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                return 255;
        } else {
                return 255 >> getBloss();
        }
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::avgDown(Pixel p1, Pixel p2) const
{
        // Average can be calculated as:
        //    floor((x + y) / 2.0) = (x & y) + (x ^ y) / 2
        // see "Average of Integers" on http://aggregate.org/MAGIC/
        return (p1 & p2) + (((p1 ^ p2) & getBlendMask()) >> 1);
}
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::avgUp(Pixel p1, Pixel p2) const
{
        // Similar to above, but rounds up
        //    ceil((x + y) / 2.0) = (x | y) - (x ^ y) / 2
        return (p1 | p2) - (((p1 ^ p2) & getBlendMask()) >> 1);
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::blend(Pixel p1, Pixel p2) const
{
        constexpr unsigned total = w1 + w2;
        if constexpr (w1 == 0) {
                return p2;
        } else if constexpr (w1 > w2) {
                return blend<w2, w1>(p2, p1);
 
        } else if constexpr (w1 == w2) {
                // <1,1>
                return avgDown(p1, p2);
        } else if constexpr ((3 * w1) == w2) {
                // <1,3>
                Pixel p11 = avgDown(p1, p2);
                return avgUp(p11, p2);
        } else if constexpr ((7 * w1) == w2) {
                // <1,7>
                Pixel p11 = avgDown(p1, p2);
                Pixel p13 = avgDown(p11, p2);
                return avgUp(p13, p2);
        } else if constexpr ((5 * w1) == (3 * w2)) {
                // <3,5>   mix rounding up/down to get a more accurate result
                Pixel p11 = avgUp  (p1, p2);
                Pixel p13 = avgDown(p11, p2);
                return avgDown(p11, p13);
 
        } else if constexpr (!std::has_single_bit(total)) {
                // approximate with weights that sum to 256 (or 64)
                // e.g. approximate <1,2> as <85,171> (or <21,43>)
                //  ww1 = round(256 * w1 / total)   ww2 = 256 - ww1
                constexpr unsigned newTotal = IS_RGB565 ? 64 : 256;
                constexpr unsigned ww1 = (2 * w1 * newTotal + total) / (2 * total);
                constexpr unsigned ww2 = 256 - ww1;
                return blend<ww1, ww2>(p1, p2);
 
        } else if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                constexpr unsigned l2 = std::bit_width(total) - 1;
                unsigned c1 = (((p1 & 0x00FF00FF) * w1 +
                                (p2 & 0x00FF00FF) * w2
                               ) >> l2) & 0x00FF00FF;
                unsigned c2 = (((p1 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w1 +
                               ((p2 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w2
                              ) & 0xFF00FF00;
                return c1 | c2;
 
        } else if constexpr (IS_RGB565) {
                if constexpr (total > 64) {
                        // reduce to maximum 6-bit
                        // note: DIV64 only exists to work around a
                        //       division by zero in dead code
                        constexpr unsigned DIV64 = (total > 64) ? 64 : 1;
                        constexpr unsigned factor = total / DIV64;
                        constexpr unsigned round = factor / 2;
                        constexpr unsigned ww1 = (w1 + round) / factor;
                        constexpr unsigned ww2 = 64 - ww1;
                        return blend<ww1, ww2>(p1, p2);
                } else {
                        unsigned l2 = std::bit_width(total) - 1;
                        unsigned c1 = (((unsigned(p1) & 0xF81F) * w1) +
                                       ((unsigned(p2) & 0xF81F) * w2)) & (0xF81F << l2);
                        unsigned c2 = (((unsigned(p1) & 0x07E0) * w1) +
                                       ((unsigned(p2) & 0x07E0) * w2)) & (0x07E0 << l2);
                        return (c1 | c2) >> l2;
                }
 
        } else {
                // generic version
                unsigned r = (red  (p1) * w1 + red  (p2) * w2) / total;
                unsigned g = (green(p1) * w1 + green(p2) * w2) / total;
                unsigned b = (blue (p1) * w1 + blue (p2) * w2) / total;
                return combine(r, g, b);
        }
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2, unsigned w3>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::blend(Pixel p1, Pixel p2, Pixel p3) const
{
        constexpr unsigned total = w1 + w2 + w3;
        if constexpr ((sizeof(Pixel) == 4) && std::has_single_bit(total)) {
                constexpr unsigned l2 = std::bit_width(total) - 1;
                unsigned c1 = (((p1 & 0x00FF00FF) * w1 +
                                (p2 & 0x00FF00FF) * w2 +
                                (p3 & 0x00FF00FF) * w3) >> l2) & 0x00FF00FF;
                unsigned c2 = (((p1 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w1 +
                               ((p2 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w2 +
                               ((p3 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w3) & 0xFF00FF00;
                return c1 | c2;
        } else {
                unsigned r = (red  (p1) * w1 + red  (p2) * w2 + red  (p3) * w3) / total;
                unsigned g = (green(p1) * w1 + green(p2) * w2 + green(p3) * w3) / total;
                unsigned b = (blue (p1) * w1 + blue (p2) * w2 + blue (p3) * w3) / total;
                return combine(r, g, b);
        }
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2, unsigned w3, unsigned w4>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::blend(
                Pixel p1, Pixel p2, Pixel p3, Pixel p4) const
{
        constexpr unsigned total = w1 + w2 + w3 + w4;
        if constexpr ((sizeof(Pixel) == 4) && std::has_single_bit(total)) {
                constexpr unsigned l2 = std::bit_width(total) - 1;
                unsigned c1 = (((p1 & 0x00FF00FF) * w1 +
                                (p2 & 0x00FF00FF) * w2 +
                                (p3 & 0x00FF00FF) * w3 +
                                (p4 & 0x00FF00FF) * w4) >> l2) & 0x00FF00FF;
                unsigned c2 = (((p1 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w1 +
                               ((p2 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w2 +
                               ((p3 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w3 +
                               ((p4 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w4) & 0xFF00FF00;
                return c1 | c2;
        } else {
                unsigned r = (red  (p1) * w1 + red  (p2) * w2 +
                              red  (p3) * w3 + red  (p4) * w4) / total;
                unsigned g = (green(p1) * w1 + green(p2) * w2 +
                              green(p3) * w3 + green(p4) * w4) / total;
                unsigned b = (blue (p1) * w1 + blue (p2) * w2 +
                              blue (p3) * w3 + blue (p4) * w4) / total;
                return combine(r, g, b);
        }
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2, unsigned w3,
          unsigned w4, unsigned w5, unsigned w6>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::blend(
        Pixel p1, Pixel p2, Pixel p3, Pixel p4, Pixel p5, Pixel p6) const
{
        constexpr unsigned total = w1 + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5 + w6;
        if constexpr ((sizeof(Pixel) == 4) && std::has_single_bit(total)) {
                constexpr unsigned l2 = std::bit_width(total) - 1;
                unsigned c1 = (((p1 & 0x00FF00FF) * w1 +
                                (p2 & 0x00FF00FF) * w2 +
                                (p3 & 0x00FF00FF) * w3 +
                                (p4 & 0x00FF00FF) * w4 +
                                (p5 & 0x00FF00FF) * w5 +
                                (p6 & 0x00FF00FF) * w6) >> l2) & 0x00FF00FF;
                unsigned c2 = (((p1 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w1 +
                               ((p2 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w2 +
                               ((p3 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w3 +
                               ((p4 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w4 +
                               ((p5 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w5 +
                               ((p6 & 0xFF00FF00) >> l2) * w6) & 0xFF00FF00;
                return c1 | c2;
        } else {
                unsigned r = (red  (p1) * w1 + red  (p2) * w2 +
                              red  (p3) * w3 + red  (p4) * w4 +
                              red  (p5) * w5 + red  (p6) * w6) / total;
                unsigned g = (green(p1) * w1 + green(p2) * w2 +
                              green(p3) * w3 + green(p4) * w4 +
                              green(p5) * w5 + green(p6) * w6) / total;
                unsigned b = (blue (p1) * w1 + blue (p2) * w2 +
                              blue (p3) * w3 + blue (p4) * w4 +
                              blue (p5) * w5 + blue (p6) * w6) / total;
                return combine(r, g, b);
        }
}
 
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::blend(std::span<const Pixel, 2> p) const
{
        return blend<w1, w2>(p[0], p[1]);
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2, unsigned w3>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::blend(std::span<const Pixel, 3> p) const
{
        return blend<w1, w2, w3>(p[0], p[1], p[2]);
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2, unsigned w3, unsigned w4>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::blend(std::span<const Pixel, 4> p) const
{
        return blend<w1, w2, w3, w4>(p[0], p[1], p[2], p[3]);
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
template<unsigned w1, unsigned w2, unsigned w3,
          unsigned w4, unsigned w5, unsigned w6>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::blend(std::span<const Pixel, 6> p) const
{
        return blend<w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6>(p[0], p[1], p[2], p[3], p[4], p[5]);
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::multiply(Pixel p, unsigned x)
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) {
                return ((((p       & 0x00FF00FF) * x) & 0xFF00FF00) >> 8)
                     | ((((p >> 8) & 0x00FF00FF) * x) & 0xFF00FF00);
        } else {
                UNREACHABLE; return 0;
        }
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::lerp(Pixel p1, Pixel p2, unsigned x) const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 4) { // 32 bpp
                unsigned rb1 = (p1 >> 0) & 0x00FF00FF;
                unsigned ag1 = (p1 >> 8) & 0x00FF00FF;
                unsigned rb2 = (p2 >> 0) & 0x00FF00FF;
                unsigned ag2 = (p2 >> 8) & 0x00FF00FF;
 
                // Note: the subtraction for the lower component can 'borrow' from
                // the higher component. Though in the full calculation this error
                // magically cancels out.
                unsigned trb = ((rb2 - rb1) * x) >> 8;
                unsigned tag = ((ag2 - ag1) * x) >> 0;
 
                unsigned rb  = ((trb + rb1) << 0) & 0x00FF00FF;
                unsigned ag  = (tag + (ag1 << 8)) & 0xFF00FF00;
 
                return rb | ag;
 
        } else if constexpr (IS_RGB565) {
                unsigned rb1 = p1 & 0xF81F;
                unsigned rb2 = p2 & 0xF81F;
                unsigned g1  = p1 & 0x07E0;
                unsigned g2  = p2 & 0x07E0;
 
                x >>= 2;
                unsigned trb = ((rb2 - rb1) * x) >> 6;
                unsigned tg  = ((g2  - g1 ) * x) >> 6;
 
                unsigned rb = (trb + rb1) & 0xF81F;
                unsigned g  = (tg  + g1 ) & 0x07E0;
 
                return rb | g;
 
        } else {
                int r1 = red(p1),   r2 = red(p2);
                int g1 = green(p1), g2 = green(p2);
                int b1 = blue(p1),  b2 = blue(p2);
 
                // note: '/ 256' is not the same as '>> 8' for signed numbers
                auto r = narrow<unsigned>(((r2 - r1) * narrow<int>(x)) / 256 + r1);
                auto g = narrow<unsigned>(((g2 - g1) * narrow<int>(x)) / 256 + g1);
                auto b = narrow<unsigned>(((b2 - b1) * narrow<int>(x)) / 256 + b1);
 
                return combine(r, g, b);
        }
}
 
template<std::unsigned_integral Pixel>
inline Pixel PixelOperations<Pixel>::alphaBlend(Pixel p1, Pixel p2) const
{
        if constexpr (sizeof(Pixel) == 2) {
                // TODO keep magic value in sync with OutputSurface::getKeyColor()
                return (p1 == 0x0001) ? p2 : p1;
        } else {
                unsigned a = alpha(p1);
                // Note: 'a' is [0..255], while lerp() expects [0..256].
                //       We ignore this small error.
                return lerp(p2, p1, a);
        }
}
 
} // namespace openmsx
 
#endif